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Having a nutrition which is both sufficient in terms of energy (caloric) requirements and diverse to see boosted nutritional needs is essential for good health. Undernourishment, especially in children and mothers, is a leading take chances gene for death and other health consequences.

The UN has set a global target as role of the Sustainable Development Goals to "end hunger by 2030". Currently we are far from reaching this target.

In our research on Hunger and Undernourishment we await at how many people are undernourished; where they live; babyhood undernourishment; and food insecurity beyond the world.

All our charts on Hunger and Undernourishment

The prevalence of undernourishment, equally a share of the population, is the chief hunger indicator used by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization.

It measures the share of the population which has a caloric (dietary energy) intake which is insufficient to meet the minimum energy requirements defined as necessary for a given population.

The global map of the prevalence of undernourishment is shown – this measures the share of the population that are defined as undernourished. Countries with a prevalence below 2.5% are not shown.

Undernourishment by globe region

The visualisation shows the prevalence of undernourishment by globe region.

Here nosotros see that overall, and across most regions the prevalence of hunger has fallen since the millennium. Globally this has fallen from 13.three pct in 2001 to eight.9 percent in the latest year.

How many people are undernourished?

The nautical chart shows the total number of individuals across the globe who are defined as undernourished.

Globally we come across a falling – although variable – tendency over the terminal few decades. The total number of undernourished has been steadily falling. Nevertheless, over the last few years, the total number increased to effectually 663 million in 2017.

This increase in hunger levels are largely a outcome of increases in Sub-Saharan Africa (where rates have risen by several pct points in recent years) and modest increases in the Middle East & North Africa. The United nations FAO have linked this increase in undernourishment in particular to the rising extent of conflict-afflicted countries (which is often a leading cause of famine), and compounded by climate-related factors such as the El Niño miracle (which tin can inflict both drought and flood atmospheric condition).¹ ^, ²

Depth of the food deficit

The prevalence of undernourishment provides the core indicator of hunger with FAO metrics. However, this measure does non give an indication of the average severity of undernourished; it tells u.s.a. how many lie below the minimum energy requirements, but not how far they lie below this line.

To provide an estimate of the intensity of undernourishment in a population, the FAO used a metric called the 'depth of the food arrears'. This measure provides an estimate of the number of calories the average individual would need in order to balance their caloric intake with energy requirements.³ The average intensity of the nutrient deficit is measured in kilocalories per person per day.

This nutrient deficit is shown beyond the globe in the interactive map.

There are 3 key physiological measures of undernourishment and undernutrition in children. The measures discussed and visualised in the sub-sections beneath are:

Stunting – being 'also short for one's age';
Wasting – being 'dangerously thin for one's height'; and
Underweight – low weight-for-age in children.

Also petty height-for-age: Stunting

Children who are stunted are determined every bit having a height which falls ii standard deviations below the median tiptop-for-age of the World Health Organization'due south Child Growth Standards.

Stunting is an indicator of severe malnutrition. Unlike wasting and low weight-for-historic period, the impacts of stunting on kid development are considered to be largely irreversible beyond the first 1000 days of a child'south life. Information technology can have severe impacts on both cognitive and concrete development throughout an individual'due south life.^iv

Stunting tin be caused by a range of compounding factors including nutritional intake of the child, as well as the mother during pregnancy, the recurrence of infectious diseases and infections from poor hygiene practices.

The global map of the prevalence of childhood stunting is shown every bit the share of the under-v population who are divers equally stunted. Note that many countries report stunting prevalence through periodic wellness and demographic surveys, meaning that this information is often not available on an almanac basis. The year of the latest published estimates vary past state so yous may have to apply the time scrollbar to observe the nigh up-to-date effigy for a given country.

Too piffling weight-for-top: Wasting

Wasting is defined as being dangerously thin for one's height, and is generally a sign (particularly in children) of rapid weight loss. A child is classified as wasted if his or her weight-for-pinnacle is more than than 2 standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0-59 months. The factors which contribute to this weight loss are associated with measures related to both diet and nutrition, and infection. As a outcome, wasting is oftentimes compounded past weather of poor nutrition, feeding practices as well equally inadequate sanitary conditions.⁵

Unlike stunting, wasting can be treated through improved nutritional intakes, healthcare interventions and treatment of infection.

The global map of the prevalence of childhood wasting is shown as the share of the nether-v population. In 2015, Due south Sudan experienced the highest prevalence of wasting, with 22.seven percent of under-5s defined as wasted. The prevalence of wasting is typically highest across Sub-Saharan Africa and South asia, with countries such as Bharat, Sri Lanka, Republic of djibouti, Sudan and Niger recording some of the highest levels (greater than 15 percent).

The share of children suffering from wasting has been declining. If nosotros compare our global map in the early on 2000s to a decade later, we encounter the number of countries with a prevalence greater than 15 percent has fallen. However, the nature of wasting- exemplified frequently by rapid weight loss- means that particular short-term events which impact food supplies can disrupt long-term trends. This is particularly prevalent in countries with poor political stability; for example, we see a large spike in childhood wasting in the Autonomous Republic of Congo during the tardily 1990s-early on 2000s during the Second Congo War.

Underweight children

Undernourishment, or the incidence of beingness underweight for age, can include children who are stunted, wasted or suffering from insufficient energy intake over a longer menstruum of fourth dimension.

In the nautical chart nosotros run into the share of children under-v who are defined every bit underweight for their age across world regions since 1990. Overall, nosotros see a steady decline at the global level, falling from around 25 percent in 1990 to 15 pct in 2015.

South asia- despite having the highest regional prevalence- has made significant progress over the final few decades, reducing undernourishment by 20 per centum points from 1990-2017. The rate of undernourishment in Sub-Saharan Africa has besides fallen notably, from thirty percent in 1990 to beneath 20 percent in 2017. Rates in East asia, Latin America, North Africa and the Center East are notably lower than South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, just have besides seen pregnant declines, each more than halving the prevalence of undernourishment since 1990.

The Global Hunger Index

At that place are a number of indicators past which we tin measure and track progress related to malnutrition. For example, the prevalence of undernourishment, childhood stunting, or wasting.

To endeavour to capture and track progress on hunger within a unmarried metric, researchers accept defined a score system termed the 'Global Hunger Index' (GHI). The Global Hunger Alphabetize attempts to assess the multidimensional nature of hunger, by combining four central indicators of malnutrition into a single index score.⁶

These four indicators are:

Undernourishment: the proportion of undernourished people as a percentage of the population (reflecting the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake);
Child wasting: the proportion of children under the age of v who suffer from wasting (low weight for their meridian, reflecting acute undernutrition);
Child stunting: the proportion of children nether the age of five who suffer from stunting (low height for their historic period, reflecting chronic undernutrition); and
Child mortality: the mortality charge per unit of children under the age of five (partially reflecting the fatal synergy of inadequate diet and unhealthy environments).

The index reflects scoring by country on a 100-point calibration where 0 is the best score (no hunger) and 100 the worst.

Scores are categorized in the following way:

Extremely alarming: 50 or college
Alarming: 35 to fifty
Serious: twenty to 35
Moderate: ten to 20
Low: below 10

In the interactive chart we meet GHI scores across the world.^seven

Long-term decline of undernourishment

What exercise we know well-nigh the reject of undernourishment in the developing world over the long run?

Although it would be vital for our agreement of global evolution we are lacking historical data on hunger and malnourishment. The history of famines as the most farthermost episodes of hunger gives some indication and is dealt with in a separate entry on Our World in Data.

Our most concrete and well-established sources of data on hunger and undernourishment brainstorm in 1990. This is strongly related to the fact that our global progress indicators on hunger reduction are tracked based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the subsequent Sustainable Evolution Goals (SDGs), which have a baseline year of 1990. During this menstruation, the standard FAO methodology for the estimation of malnourishment has been revised for improved accuracy (for the correction meet here). To our all-time knowledge, estimates of prevalence prior to 1990 have not been updated and published based on the revised methodology.

Still, to provide some sense of how malnutrition has changed over a longer timeframe, nosotros have extended the latest data on undernourishment backwards with FAO estimates, using previous methodologies, for 1970 and 1980. This serial that shows the prevalence of undernourishment (in %) in developing countries is shown in the nautical chart.

The FAO maintains a consistent definition for 'developing countries'.^viii

Data for 1970 and 1980 has been sourced from two FAO State of Food Insecurity in the Earth (SOFI) reports, for 2006 and 2010. Estimates of the prevalence of undernourishment differ between these two reports. The 2006 report estimates a prevalence of 37 percent in 1970, reducing to 28 percent in 1980;^ix the 2010 report instead estimates a reduction from 32.5 percent to 25 percent, respectively.¹⁰

This reflects a considerable uncertainty of these estimates and this aspect has to exist taken into account as indicated in the subtitle of this nautical chart.

Given the incertitude in these earlier estimates, what can we say almost how undernourishment has changed through time? Whilst specific figures for the level of undernourishment differ between sources, they practise agree on the direction of change. Both sources study a consistent down tendency, with like rates of reduction. The share of undernourished people in the developing globe has been declining over this longer timeframe, but there are no confident figures on how many people were undernourished at each point in time.

This gives us estimated trends dating dorsum to 1970 for undernourishment in developing countries; merely do nosotros take even earlier estimates? FAO figures of undernourishment date back to 1945, the yr of its kickoff international elevation. The first edition of its 'State of Food and Agronomics' report was published in 1947 and estimated the prevalence of undernourishment in 1945 to be l percent¹¹

This does give us some useful indication of the scale of malnutrition and how this has inverse through time, yet, nosotros have not included this estimate in our current serial for two central reasons.

Firstly, this figure is reported for the total global population, rather than specifically addressing prevalence in developing countries.¹²

In early editions, figures were not defined or categorised based on income level, meaning the countries included in 1945 estimates are not the aforementioned equally boundaries defined in our 1970-2015 series.

Secondly, at its initiation in 1945, the FAO had only 34 member governments involved in its nutrient security and agriculture programme.^xiii

The small number of UN members involved in early FAO programmes may increase levels of dubiety surrounding data drove and estimation. Poor geographical coverage of data collection on undernourishment is likely to brand 1945 estimates less reliable. By 1961, the number of member countries had increased to more than 100. By the mid-1970s, the FAO'due south Globe Committee for Food Security had 136 members. Today, the FAO has 194 member states.¹⁴

Nutrient insecurity is divers by the UN FAO as the "situation when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious nutrient for normal growth and evolution and an active and healthy life."^xv

Nutrient insecurity can exist caused by a number of factors, including the unavailability of food, unaffordable food, and diff distribution of food between household members. Food insecurity is one of the major causes of poor nutrition.

Nutrient insecurity is measured by the FAO using its Nutrient Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) global reference calibration. Further details on the FIES global reference scale tin exist found in our Data Quality & Definition department. Nutrient insecurity can exist based on inadequate quality or quantity of food. Moderate food insecurity is mostly associated with the inability to regularly eat healthy, nutritious diets. High prevalence of moderate food insecurity is therefore an important indicator of poor dietary quality, and the development of health outcomes such as micronutrient deficiencies. Severe food insecurity is more strongly related to insufficient quantity of food (free energy) and therefore strongly related to undernourishment or hunger.

Severe food insecurity

In the nautical chart we see the share of the total population defined as suffering from severe nutrient insecurity (i.due east. insufficient quantity of food).

In 2018, ix.2% of the world population were divers every bit severely food insecure. As a share of the population, food insecurity is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa where nearly one-third are defined every bit severely insecure.

How many people are severely food insecure?

In the charts nosotros see the total number of people defined as severely food insecure. Globally, around 697 million were severely food insecure in 2018.

More than half of those living with severe food insecurity were in Asia; virtually xl% were in Africa. the remaining x% were split betwixt the Americas, Europe and Oceania.

Moderate food insecurity

Moderate food security includes those who struggle or worry about the power to admission or beget a healthy, nutritious balanced diet, non merely those who struggle to run into their free energy needs. In the nautical chart we run across the share of those defined every bit moderately or severely food insecure.

Globally, 1-in-four suffered from moderate or severe nutrient insecurity in 2017.

How many people are moderately or severely nutrient insecure?

In the chart we come across the total number of people defined every bit moderately or severely food insecure.

Globally, 1.9 billion people were food insecure in 2017. Whilst the greatest number are in Sub-Saharan Africa and South asia, moderate food insecurity is a major issue across all regions, even high-income countries. Access and affordability of various, nutritious diets is therefore important for all countries.

Correlation of Poverty and Undernourishment

Definitions of nutrient insecurity

Food insecurity is defined by the Un FAO as the "situation when people lack secure admission to sufficient amounts of prophylactic and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life."xiv Food insecurity can exist caused past a number of factors, including the unavailability of food, unaffordable food, and unequal distribution of food between household members. Nutrient insecurity is i of the major causes of poor nutrition.

Food insecurity is measured by the FAO using its Food Insecurity Feel Scale (FIES) global reference scale. The FEIS measures the percentage of individuals in the population who have experienced nutrient insecurity at moderate or astringent levels during the reference period. Information at the individual or household level is collected past applying an feel-based food security scale questionnaire within a survey. The nutrient security survey module collects answers to questions asking respondents to report the occurrence of several typical experiences and conditions associated with food insecurity. The FEIS has been carried out beyond 140 countries to appointment, but in being one of the key indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), is expected to be carried out beyond all countries.

The FEIS is based on eight questions, such every bit "During the last 12 MONTHS, was there a time when you lot (or any other adult in the household) were worried you would not have enough nutrient to eat because of a lack of coin or other resources?". The full list of questions can be found here. Food insecurity can be based on inadequate quality or quantity of food. Moderate food insecurity is generally associated with the inability to regularly eat healthy, nutritious diets. High prevalence of moderate food insecurity is therefore an important indicator of poor dietary quality, and the development of health outcomes such every bit micronutrient deficiencies. Astringent food insecurity is more than strongly related to insufficient quantity of food (energy) and therefore strongly related to undernourishment or hunger.

The calibration shows the definitions of food insecurity from mild to severe.¹⁶

Data Sources

FAO Food Security Indicator

Data: Many indicators – the full list is here.
Geographical coverage: Global – past country and world region (some indicators are only available for developing countries).
Fourth dimension bridge: Since 1990.
Available at: Available for download here.
The whole dataset can exist downloaded in ane xls file.

WHO – Global Health Observatory (GHO)

Data: Underweight children
Geographical coverage: Global – past country and region.
Fourth dimension span: Since 1990 – with projections to 2025.
Available at: Online here.
This information is presented in the context of the Millenium Development Goals (MDG). The Un's MDG website also presents information.

International Food Policy Research Plant (IFPRI)

Data: Global Hunger Index and unmarried dimensions (Prevalence of undernourishment in the population, prevalence of underweight in children under five years, under-5 mortality rate)
Geographical coverage: Global – past land.
Fourth dimension bridge: Since 1990.
Available at: Online here.
The Global Hunger Index is a multidimensional measure of hunger. Information technology was first published by the 'Welthungerhilfe' but is now published by IFPR. Here is the Wikipedia entry.

Globe Bank – World Development Indicators

Geographical coverage: Global – by country.
Time span: Since 1960 but not annual and for some countries very scattered.
Available at: Some of the data that are available:
- Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5) (besides bachelor for males and females separately) Information available from the 60s onwards – very scattered before 1980 and too not annual for the fourth dimension after. Varying by country.
- Malnutrition prevalence, height for age (% of children under 5) (also available for males and females separately) Data available from the 60s onwards – very scattered earlier 1980 and also not annual for the fourth dimension after. Varying past country.
- Prevalence of wasting (% of children nether 5) – Information available from the 60s onwards – very scattered before 1980 and likewise not annual for the time later on. Varying by country.
- Low-birthweight babies (% of births) – Data available from 1990 onwards – very scattered. Varying past country.
- Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) – Annual information available from 1990 onwards.

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Source: https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment